S6 HISTORIC GROWTH OF MAN.
a division of civil functions from England. It had developed slowly from the old Anglo-Saxon and the Roman times.
These men, these founders, talked many times of "the laws of nature." The best that they hoped was to found a system of government so framed that none of its provisions should run counter to what was in the nature of man. The constitution of man was so little understood in their day, that they could not imagine that it includes laws quite sufficient for civil forms and civil action.
When the Normans came to England in io66, they could not crowd out of existence the old Saxon Council of the nation, the Wittengemot. The Norman duke made his followers into noblemen and a House of Lords was added to the old council. Then it became a Parliament, a place for talking, in which the House of Commons represented the old Saxon people. A double legislative body came about as a result of the two races of people. But in the new republic there was no division into different races; the Saxon, Norman and Celtic elements were everywhere mingled and not separate. Hence there was no good reason why the Congress should have two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives. It was equally unwise and unnecessary to make the legislative body of each state double in the same way as the Congress. In regard to the latter it was said that the lower house represented the people, while the Senate represented the states as such. This was never true in practice nor even in theory. For the Senate voted upon all measures that affected the people, including quite local measures, such as river
and harbor improvements. It was useless and expensive machinery, in both the national and the state governments.
The six hundred "first gentlemen of Europe" who make up the British Parliament, constitute an unwieldy body, uncertain and heavy in its movements. And so of the American Congress. It has too many members. When a Congress meets at the opening of a session it is a mob. One member, the vicepresident, has some known duties. The other members are without any special functions, any allotted duties. They must proceed, in the lower house, to puta head on themselves. They must elect a speaker or chairman. Then they choose fifty-seven committees, above and below, and give each of these its work to do. Then, after a Week, or even two or three weeks of delay, they are ready for business.
In place of such cumbrous and indefinite machinery, the scientific method would have twelve departments and thirty-six subdivisions of these, with an officer at the head of each one. When these leaders are to be elected, each candidate knows definitely what duties he is to fill, and the people may judge of his qualifications for those special functions. All is certainty, order and economy.
The new method would immensely reduce the expenses of the national and state governments. Yet it covers twice as much ground; represents twice as many functions.
THE NORMAL METHOD of action in the brain is
for each organ to start the impulse intended to supply the needs which belong to its proper functions.
For example', the organ of reason may require
